In What Ways Were the Byzantine and Islamic Civilizations...

A. Student AMH2010: United States History to 1877 Professor McKeown October 1, 2012 Book Review: The Black Codes of the South Although this book is titled, â€Å"The Black Codes of the South,† the writer begins his story discussing slavery, then leads up to emancipation, where four million slaves were freed. The freedom of slaves brought about the enactment of the Black Codes in the southern states. Interestingly, the writer includes newspaper sources from the South, as well as the North, excerpts from various plantation owners ‘diaries, notices and laws. The Black Codes came to fruition because the Southerners needed them as laborers , and because the free Negros were not anxious to sign contracts, the South labeled them as idle and vagrants†¦show more content†¦The article begins with a brief biography of President Johnson, who although, never attended school, had a skill for public speaking, which led him to politics and in Lincoln taking notice of him. In December 1865, the Radical Republicans (a foe of Johnson), gained control after Congress denied the southerners representative s seats. By April of 1866, Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act in response to the Black Codes, leading to power struggles and name calling between Congress and President Johnson. Congress also over-rode some of Johnson’s vetoes, further limiting his power. As Johnson got further out of control, a special committee voted to impeach him on the grounds of â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† (History.com). After reading this article, I came to the conclusion that perhaps Johnson was a ‘southern sympathizer’ who indeed deserved impeachment. â€Å"Presidential Impeachment Proceedings.† History.com. The History Place. n. d. Web. 12 Sept. 2012. lt;http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/impeachments/johnson.htmgt; E-Source Review: Trial By Fire, A People’s History of the Civil War and Reconstruction This article details some of the Black Codes enacted by various southern states. Although as sad as it was to read these laws, it is important that it be known so history does not repeat itself. The Black Codes have been likened to slavery, onlyShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausiblyRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesPicatrix (The Aim of the Sage) of al-Majriti, Maslamati ibn Ahmad II. Summary of the Contents of the Picatrix III. Excerpt from a Lecture on Alchemy by Terence McKenna On the Moon and the Lunar Mansions IV. Extracts on the Moon V. The Mansions of the Moon: â€Å"On the Creation, Proportion and Composition of the Heavens for the Fashioning of Images† VI. The Picatrix: Lunar Mansions in Western Astrology VII. W. B. Yeats and â€Å"A Vision:† The Arab Mansions of the Moon On Ritual and Talismans Picatrix Astrological

Contribution Durkheim Bullet Points Free Essays

Contribution of Emile Durkheim (bullet points) Religion Durkheim believed that god concept is collective creation and power that is used by groups to direct the behaviour of its members. The basic principles of religion and rituals is to keep solidarity in the society especially in the periods of conflict. Function of religion is not to worship the god but the society. We will write a custom essay sample on Contribution Durkheim Bullet Points or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within division of labour Durkheim made clear distinction between mechanical and organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is characterised in traditional societies with simple division of labour. Individuals are highly constrained by the values, norms and regulation of the society. When member deviates from this norms he might be most probably rejected by the group. Individualism is not supported ad degrees of freedom are few. Organic solidarity is common for contemporary societies where there is higher differentiation of labour. Differentiation of labour is happening in relation to population density. More and more people are living in same area with similar activities. Tension is rising, and the only way to overcome these tensions is to have more specialised activities. Division of labour develops in relation to population density. Individuals are having their own specialities and are mutually dependent. Differentiated societies are creating unique individual. Individual has personal opinion, religion, freedom†¦. and there is clear line between them and society (private problems and public concerns). The division of labour is not making only marked exchange relationship but the feeling of solidarity. Social solidarity consists of integration of individuals and regulation. Social solidarity is social fact that can be observed only by external indicators, like the law. Law tends to be repressive and restitutive. Conformity in mechanic society is held by repressive system, while conformity in organic societies is held by restituitive force. Two abnormal situations in organic societies is anomie and egoism. Suicide He explained suicide in terms of the degree to which a person is joined into social life. At the low end of social unity, there is anomic suicide, in which people destroy themselves because social bonds die and life becomes meaningless to them. Then when people are tightly integrated and there is a threat to the social group, people may sacrifice themselves in order to protect the group. Anomic suicide also proved that suicide increases as society falls apart. How to cite Contribution Durkheim Bullet Points, Papers

Text and Traditions Discussion on Marxian View

Question: Discuss about theText and Traditions for Discussion on Marxian View. Answer: Introduction The essay highlights the theme of Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto. Communist Manifesto is a co-work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel. The central idea of the Marxian theory is class struggle and rise of new society. In the Marxian view the class is defined according to the ownership of property. Evolve of a society has several stages such as primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalism and socialism (Lichtheim, 2015). According to Marx, a particular society sustains until the relation between the two different classes exists without confliction. The society breaks due to rise of class struggle. For example, a feudal society exists due to the existence of social relation between the proletariat, bourgeois and landlord. The essay analyses the development of the idea of enlightenment, freedom and equality in the Communist Manifesto of Mark. Enlightenment shows development of successive stages. Arrangement of various societal orders has been discussed in this book. The Com munist Manifesto had been written in the context of industrial revolution and against the capitalism. Discussion Karl Marks viewed the social progress because of changing control on the means of production. Means of production in a society are land, factories and the required machinery. Marx mentioned in Communist Manifesto, Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered forms, was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes (Engels Marx, 2016). A relation between different classes in the economy exists as long as dominated class considers the control of ruling class. A particular type of society evolves based on the modes of production (James, 2015). Modes of production change over different types of society. The upper class in the society controls the means of production and exploits the lower class. Development of a society occurs to the next stage due to growth of class conflicts. This process is termed in Communist Manifesto as historical materialism. Berlin (2013) cited the quotation of Marx as, All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with th eir train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions are swept away; all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life and his relations with his kind. Immanuel Kant described the enlightenment in the form of overcoming the self-regulated immaturity. This overcoming is possible due to having the power and freedom to use reasoning (Laski, 2014). In the Marxian view, lack of maturity in the society is the driving force of different modes of production in the society. Immaturity of one class gives opportunity to the ruling class to exploit the weaker section of the society. Marx opined enlightenment is the result of communist revolution. When, people start to realise with the self power of reasoning that they are exploited, they start to rebel against the system. The proletariat are seemed to be fool as they think themselves free, when they are actually not. They think themselves as an individual rather than a part of the wider society. They fail to realise the essence of human being. Marx explained that as long as one has to sell the labour without having ownership over it and the labour is sold to buy necessary things such as foods a nd clothing, the individual is not free (Akpan, 2016). As stated by Real (2015), Marx mentioned only about material freedom rather than ideological freedom. The class conflicts between the land lord and the proletariat gives birth of capitalism. Marks found that class conflicts first developed in the factories. The concept of freedom in Communist Manifesto is described in the context of capitalist society. In the context of freedom, Marx commented, It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, it has set up that single, unconscionable freedom -- free trade (Engels, 2015). Marx emphasised on free trade as a symbol of freedom in capitalist society. However, he argued that free trade concept actually leads to reduction in freedom rather than increase. In the society, both positive and negative forces exist. Negative freedom imposes restriction on people to do the desirable work, whereas the positive freedom implies the capacity of people to determine the best possible action. Free trade gives freedom to the capitalist to for making profit without any barrier. In the feudal so ciety, the proletariat has no right over the property and over the means of production (Mi Mao, 2013). The bourgeois controls the means of production. In the capitalist society, the workers gain the freedom to sell their labour to the capitalist. However, once the labour is sold, the labourer has no freedom to control the labour within working hour. The capitalist can exploit the labour as per wish. Unlike the feudal society, the workers in the capitalist society have only freedom choose to work or not to wok. However, the labourer has no freedom to control the means of production. In the capitalist society, the positive freedom exists because of the struggle of the labourer. Legalising limiting hour of work, restriction on use of child labour, right of free education, power of trade union are the power of the working class, which restricts the power of the capitalist. Capitalist has freedom to exploit labour wage. The trade union and government restrict this freedom by imposing minimum wage law. According to Kant theory, freedom is not that what people think to be done wilfully, however, freedom is the capacity of not doing the desirable duty (Arnfred, 2014). This theory contradicts the Marxian view of freedom. Marxian view refers that the real freedom exists in the presence of positive relation among the community and not in the isolation. Marx described in the Communist Manifesto that a negative relation exists always between the upper class and the exploited class. When the exploitation reaches at the maximum level of tolerance, the ruled class raises voice against the ruling class. In the view of Marx, the rulers win the power of control over means of production. In the feudal society, the property owners own the property and land. The farmers produce using their own labour on which they have no control. Inequality increases in the society. The feudal lord has less incentive to improve production process. The property owner without further investment consumes the surplus amount of production. In the capitalist society, the capitalist has control over the capital. The concept of wage labour arises in the capitalist society (McLellan, 2013). The workers are not given the true value of work. Therefore, the capitalist and property owners become richer by appropriating the surplus production and the working class become poorer. This system aggravates the situation of inequality. Marx argued in favour of elimination of property right. He commented that the private property right is the source of exploitation and the reason of inequality in the society. In order to avoid the class conflicts, the property needs to be owned by the state and not the specific class in the society. Laski (2014) argued in favour of private property. In the view of the anti-Marxist, people would have less incentive to work in the absence of private property. However, Marx highlighted that there was no working hour limit in the feudal society, though here was no private property rights. Communism is the class less society in the view of Marx. Communism is the last stage of development of human society, where there will be equality among different section in the society. The state would maintain the property and irrigate all the uncultivated land. All the people would get equal opportunity to access means of production according to their ability. As discussed in the Communist Manifesto, the capital and social class are building upon the concept inequality in the capitalist society. Capitalist absorbs the surplus value produced by the workers. The surplus value is reinvested in the production to appropriate surplus amount in future. Success of this system is the driving force of capital accumulation in the society. Supporting the view of Marx, Engels (2015) mentioned that the State creates an economic and political environment, where this kind of capital accumulation can succeed. Marx advocated the equality not in terms individual equality but in terms of suppressed social class. The equality in society needs to provide equal opportunity of work and equal wage for the employees irrespective of gender and religion. Conclusion The study has analysed the Marxian view of enlightenment, freedom and social equality. The concept of enlightenment grows from the power of reasoning among the individuals. The way of thinking, understanding of social relation determine the mode of production in the society. Communist Manifesto analyses the social relation, class struggle and development of society. Free trade is the source of freedom for the capitalist. Free trade facilitates the capitalists to make more profit and too exploit the working class. The exercise of freedom of one class reduces freedom of another class in a same society. In the Marxian view, the existence of private property right is the source of inequality in the society. Communism is a stage of development, where no class struggle exist in the view of Marx. Hence, in communist society, there will be no exploitation, no equality and the workers will have control over their means of production. References Akpan, B. S. (2016). Karl Marx Alienation and the Nigerian Workers.Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,2(8). Arnfred, S. (2014). Marx In The 1990's-From A Feminist Point Of View. Notes on 1. the shortcomings and 2. the continued usefulness of Marx's thinking.Occasional Paper, (10), 79-94. Berlin, I., (2013).Karl Marx. Princeton University Press. Engels, F. Marx, K., (2016).The Manifesto of the Communist. Karl Marx. Engels, K.M.F., (2015).The manifesto of the Communist Party. Karl Marx Friedrich Engels. James, D. (2015). Allen W. Wood, The Free Development of Each: Studies on Freedom, Right, and Ethics in Classical German Philosophy. Reviewed by.Philosophy in Review,35(2), 121-123. Kamenka, E. (2015).The Ethical Foundations of Marxism (RLE Marxism)(Vol. 3). Routledge. Laski, H. J. (2014).Communism (Works of Harold J. Laski)(Vol. 5). Routledge. Lichtheim, G. (2015).Marxism (RLE Marxism): An Historical and Critical Study. Routledge. McLellan, D. (2013).Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels-The Communist Manifesto. Read Books Ltd. Mi, X., Mao, H. (2013). Marx's Social Development Theory and Its Contemporary Enlightenment.Asian Culture and History,5(2), 73. Real, M. C. A. (2015). Analysis of the Marxist Philosophy.

The creatures free essay sample

Without competition our past would be way different from the tale that we are informed through our education. I mainly believe that conflicting ideas made me who I am. This confliction may happen in various areas HoWeVeR today I am only interested in the confliction between imprisonment and freedom . You know words that usually evokes us heaven belongs simply to things that we usually categorize under the word good. But when these characteristics uniform in history, we face with a MANiMAL which uses it magical powers as evil everything suddenly changes and now we are forced to look at things happened in history from n another perspective. So we can mention about the existence of extraterrestrials in our world in ancient times, right? I bet we can. One of the species (ALiENS) were called as Sirens and they did have a voice which poisons human by amazement. When you hear the sound once you cant keep yourself listening from listening it more which really does lead to death caused by starvation. We will write a custom essay sample on The creatures or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They did have wings and moreover due to this physical superiority they were worshipped as if they were Gods. By the way havent you checked the definition in dictionary of this holly word. if not here it is. the one Supreme Being, the creator and ruler of the universe. As you read the definition it says that these extraterrestrials are the rulers of this humans. However can we classify power by Just looking at the physical strength of something? Personally being powerful should also consist of being emotionally strong. So are these creatures, (Sirens) really outclass humans This is a question that people have been discussing for decades and didnt reach a final result or an universally acceptable comment. Sharing emotions was way too important for communication and some even believe hat this desire was unique to our planet. Was it? According to some text from ancient civilizations these bird like angels lived in an island which was named after its own specie. SiRENlJM The creatures did kill the ones who are trying to reach them in order to communicate with them however their end was death. These creatures were frightened of us so they didnt let us to invade their land in earth. A part from heaven When we look at this it seems a bit weird because confliction of these species did create a infinite loop. Aliens were imprisoned at SiRENlJM and people were also stuck ith the remaining land in earth. So dont you also think that this limitations and imprisonment creates a part of the weaknesses for both of the side. This endless loop desperately continuous with the idea of Helping Strangers By Sacrificing your life. When sirens call for help they are killing humanity at the same time that makes things more complicated than it was used to be. Isnt it a bit selfish to ask for someone elses life in order to survive in a kind of a away game. But what can we do about it, after all arent they are still GODS in our unconscious minds

TV Essays

TV Essays TV Essay TV Essay TV Zoned Out Although the experiment of observing someone playing a video game and looking for behavioral changes was at first intriguing, I found the period of observation extremely uneventful. I suppose that is the purpose of these video games, to engage the players so much, their outside environment is completely ignored. I found this to especially true in smaller children. My first subject was my eight year old cousin. He loves his ninja games and will even show you his moves by literally acting out what he has learned while playing his games. He doesn?t do this in school or tries to attack anybody, he simply tries to impress us with elaborate leg and hand movements. He?s never been violent or gotten into trouble, on the contrary, he has told me stories about a one or two bullies at school who he was afraid of. I believe these ninja games help him feel confident in that he can stand up for himself without looking like a ?sissy? in front of his friends. What bothered me about his video playing is the extent to which his mind goes completely blank during the game. His mother would call him game, video, violent, games, school, playing, one, never, because, subject, hit, children, believe, my, violence, time, much, man, life, found, extremely, even, complete, been, actually, act, about, year, without, while, way, tries, smaller, simply, role

Deal with Back-To-College Blues and Dominate New Term

Deal with Back-To-College Blues and Dominate New Term Stepping back into that chilly dorm room after a luxurious winter break can feel like a prison sentence. Your new courses yawn out in front of you forever, with spring break an eternity away. If you’re not careful, this can turn into a post-vacation funk. Even worse, it could lead to depression or dropping out. The U.S. News and World Report states that 1 in 3 college freshman won’t make it back for sophomore year, with a full 10% of students dropping out during winter break. What is the reason for this significant loss of motivation? Money, family issues, and plain old loneliness. In a recent book by Donald Foss, a professor of psychology at the University of Houston, he states that loneliness, isolation, and financial problems can combine into a perfect storm of college demotivation. Fortunately, there are a few simple ways to combat this post-break malaise. By actively engaging with your college experience, practicing positive behaviors and attitudes, and keeping yourself healthy, you’ll be much more likely to limit your stress and have a great second term. Get Organized One of the quickest ways to fall into a post-break funk is to feel like you don’t know what you’re doing. That’s why it’s important to be proactive about how you feel about school. Start by making a schedule of all the major goals you want to get accomplished this semester – both academic and personal. Then, break each of those goals down so you know what you need to do each week to get that goal accomplished. You can even include specific assignments that will need to be finished so you’ll have lots of time to complete them. This will give you the focus you need to get engaged in your new term. Get Involved Since isolation is one of the main reasons that students feel depressed after their winter break, it makes a lot of sense to get involved in a new activity. Try to pick something that you think will be interesting, but not time-consuming. In addition, if you pick a physical activity (like a co-ed team sport), you’ll be exercising your body at the same time you’re exercising your social skills. Getting involved in an activity can go a long way to relieving the sense of isolation that many students feel during the post-winter term. In addition, it keeps you moving when your instinct is to stay cooped up in your room. Get Positive When life gets you down, the best antidote is positivity. This is an especially good idea for students who are feeling nervous about their new teachers or term. At the end of each day, take five minutes and write down at least three things that you felt good about for that day in a â€Å"positive journal.† You can fill your journal with things as simple as smiling at a stranger, or as complicated as getting a good grade on a huge project. Then, at the end of each week, read over your daily entries. Take a minute to congratulate yourself on doing (and seeing) so much good. You’ll feel better about yourself and begin to start seeing the positive everywhere you go! Get Ahead For a lot of students, the first few weeks of the semester are the ones when they feel most excited to learn. The brand new books, teachers, and curriculum can be exciting†¦until that mid-semester boredom kicks in. Super-smart students take advantage of this first-of-the-term motivational boost by getting ahead. Take a look at the syllabus on the first day and see what kind of assignments will need to be done over the next few weeks. If you can, start thinking about paper ideas, read ahead in the book, or complete easy homework assignments that you can turn in later. When your initial boost of energy wears off, you’ll still be ahead of the curve and more likely to establish a habit of turning in work early rather than late. Get Help If, for any reason, you’re stuck in a pattern of depression and lack of motivation, don’t wait to get help! There are many people who want to see you succeed, and who have the skills to help you organize your schooling so that you can finish like a champ. Talk to your friends or roommates, and see what kind of advice they have for getting out of your slump. You can also talk to an academic advisor or school counselor, even abiut the things that seem small. They are much happier hearing from you before your depression has become an emergency. And, of course, get help from your family or other close associates. Truly smart students know when they can’t do it alone. Have you managed to overcome post-holiday blues and lack of motivation? Share your story with us!

Comparative Poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparative Poems - Essay Example He speaks as though he is under some kind of drug. He imagines that he hears nightingale singing in somewhere and not envious of the happiness, but he is happy listening to it â€Å"MY heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains, My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk, Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains.† (1-6). This part of the poem is saying how the person is feeling as if he is under some control which he cannot explain. On the other hand, Ode on a Grecian Urn â€Å"THOU still unravish’d bride of quietness, Thou foster-child of Silence and slow Time, Sylvan historian, who canst thus express† (1-5). The poet has a different feeling than with the first poem. He is actually saying the opposite feeling of happiness. Instead of beginning with how he feels, the voice is telling us what he is seeing. He is describing things very carefully and the reader becomes curious as he is about the thing that he is telling. The poem is directed actually praising the art work in the urn. Ode to a Nightingale is full of images of nature that the author has included. This is understandable simply because the poem is all about a thing of nature. A nightingale is a bird which is known for its beautiful singing voice. Included throughout the poem are common sights seen in nature such as flowers, grass, trees and leaves. The speaker describes where he is, what he is seeing and also what he is hearing. He tells of how the birds seem to be so happy in what they are doing and that their happiness comes from something more than just any one particular thing. But then the subject becomes serious toward the end with the speaker now talking about death. He is now speaking about death as though he is a person. â€Å"I have been half in love with easeful Death, Call'd him soft names in many a mused rhyme† (52-53). He is talking as if he actually knows death and unlike many people he is not afraid of it but is actually in love with it. There is also a sense that he is sweet to it and includes it in many of his poems. In Ode on a Grecian Urn, Keats is describing the picture in the urn which he is seeing. Unlike Ode to a Nightingale, he is really seeing an actual picture. He is saying how the people or gods, as he himself is not sure, will be forever doing what they are doing. There is the idea that they will be forever and even when everything in the world changes they will still be there kissing, making music and being happy. The scene will always be Spring and that will never change. He is also describing in the picture many scenes like what looks like a sacrifice in an altar where there is a priest and there is a woman with garlands on her. In this ode there is also a reminder about how people take art for granted. There is really no appreciation for beauty and something old as a picture in an urn reminds us of this because after many years it remains beautiful. â€Å"When old age shall this generation waste, Thou shalt remain, in m idst of other woe† (46-47). There are many similarities between the two poems besides having the same author and both being odes. The two also talks about envy. In Ode to a Nightingale, the author is saying he is not actually jealous of the happiness of the nightingale but in Ode on a Grecian Urn he is somewhat saying he envies how those in the picture will be young forever. Both also talks about music. In the first ode this is a central theme because the nightingale is all about music and

HIST 3401 Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HIST 3401 Final Exam - Essay Example If you do not think the lives of either of these groups changed dramatically, explain using relevant sources. The time period between the American Revolution and the Reconstruction were one of uncertainly and instability in American socio-politics. Having valiantly won its freedom from the British Crown, the fledgling nation was taking cautious first steps toward self-assertion. But even as America’s presence as a global power was taking root, its society was beset by longstanding issues. The social issues could be broadly divided across the twin axes of race and gender. Racial discrimination of colored people and gender oppression of women were two chronic malaises. At the time of the Declaration of Independence and the framing of the Constitution, blacks were considered as unequal to whites. This is reflected in the early laws of the country where segregation and slavery were legally sanctioned. The basis of these draconian laws was the prejudiced conception of blacks as onl y three-fifth human (whereby whites are the benchmark of full humanity). Such unscientific beliefs garbed in the language of logic and reason had stalled black emancipation during the century in question. It wasn’t until the Civil War, with the escalating conflict between the Confederates and the Unionists that blacks saw a glimpse of hope. In light of this fact it is fair to say that the century preceding the Reconstruction were one of bleak misery for blacks. Women fared none too better during this period. In 1865, â€Å"North Carolina law granted former masters preference in the apprenticeship of former slaves’ children. Although mothers and fathers both endured the hardships of these losses, women’s experiences diverged significantly from men’s.† (Zipf, p.9) Christian Evangelicalism offered hope of equality for blacks and women. Though it provided opportunities for liberation, it was ultimately limited by race and gender just as the democratic reform movement had hit a stumbling block. Sometimes holy scriptures were themselves invoked in justifying racial and gender oppression in Christian institutions. The biblical sanctioning of human bondage proved very convenient for perpetrators of slavery. But where Evangelicalism helped is in the Baptists’ and Methodists’ earnest resolution to convert slaves. They â€Å"welcomed slaves at their revivals, encouraged black preachers, and above all else, advocated secular and spiritual equality. Many of the early Baptist and Methodist preachers directly challenged slavery.† (Goldfield, Chapter 10, p.10-7) Looking at it as a promise of liberty and deliverance, the slaves received the evangelical gospel in loud, joyous, and highly emotional revivals. They made it integral to their own culture, â€Å"fusing Christianity with folk beliefs from their African heritage.† (Goldfield, Chapter 10, p.10-7) In this milieu, such religious communities offered the erstwhi le oppressed opportunities for voice, authority, and labor within a system that also had its share of flaws. The new freedoms that could be availed of therein outweighed the disadvantages. 4. Did women have an impact on American political culture throughout the span of the nineteenth century? Why or why not? In many ways, women are history’s largest minority. Their voice was for most part suppressed under male domination. It is only in recent decades that they have attained legal and nominal equality with men. America has been a theatre for women’s rights going back to the late 18th and 19th centuries. The Catholic Church provided a semblance of political emancipation for women. This it achieved through allowing Sisters to assume high offices within the rigid hierarchy of the institution. Though there was a degree of democracy

Educational programs Essay Example for Free

Educational programs Essay There are of course limits to the parallel between the regulation of firms and the regulation of churches. A basic difference is that a church draws its support on the basis of religious commitmentpresumably a quite different source of commitment than consumer preference for many people. In the fundamental relationship between the church and its members, there is no clear unit of exchange that lends itself to quantification. Perhaps much more so than firms, however, churches have the capacity to mobilize their memberships on behalf of their objectives in negotiating with the state. Another difference is that states seeking to regulate churches often lack doctrinal competence. They may be ill-equipped to understand the churchs mission and lack information as to church resources and the best uses of those resources. Finally, another principal difference is that the relationship between a nation and the religious commitments of its citizens is the consequence of many forces acting over long periods of time. These forces may have created in a population religious commitments of singular intensity or, on the other hand, apparent disinterest that has little to do with the direction of contemporary state regulation of religion. Despite these differences, however, the case can still be made that regulatory theory is relevant to the understanding of church-state relationships. This essay argues that the direction of contemporary state regulation may help shape the direction of a churchs priorities and activities independently of the condition of the populations religious commitment. Churches as organizations will respond to regulatory incentives and costs, just as they respond to the political environment. Why do states seek to regulate churches? Historically, as will be shown below, rulers may have sought to impose on their subjects their own respective judgments about the correct institutional expression of their faith. States have seen regulation as a means to weed out corruption or to redress the distribution of resources in their society. Quite often, states have appeared to fear churches as challenges to the political order that need to be contained. Historically, regulation of churches by the US and European states has embraced some or all of a number of areas. States have played significant roles in regulating or ultimately selecting senior church readerships within the country. States have assumed the power to determine the numbers and types of clergy allowed to practice their religious responsibilities within the nation. The states approval has been sought in determining the boundaries of church administrative territories. The states acquiescence has played a role in church reform of doctrine or liturgy. States have from time to time set limits on the nature of church participation in education, public communication, social welfare, and health care. Finally, states have limited- or enhanced- churches ability to own property or businesses. At this time, virtually every church, at least in Western Europe, has achieved a remarkable measure of autonomy in the determination of its leadership, its size, and the direction of its clergy. By contrast, historically in Roman Catholic countries, the state or the aristocracy controlled higher-level clerical appointments or shared in appointment decisions with the Vatican. In many Protestant states, the state exercised the power of appointment with relatively little formal consultation with church hierarchies. At the same time, the capacity of the church to establish a central role in a societys institutions has diminished and a review of church attendance in Western Europe suggests remarkable declines in membership. Churches may find that regulation benefits their own positions in society. In many cases these churches confront receding memberships. Catholic churches in nearly all Western European states enjoy sustained and significant declines in the conflicts with state authorities that were recurring crises during the nineteenth and a good deal of the twentieth century. This decline in conflict undoubtedly is related to the effective dechurching of many of the US and European populations. Regulation in these cases appears to be actively sought by churches as a means of sustaining resource flows. This relationship of negotiating support in exchange for some measure of regulation appears to be the emerging norm of convergence in state-church policy throughout Europe. But it raises the perplexing question of how new churches will respond to a structure of church-state relations that does not reflect the neutral tradition of liberalism but rather expresses clear although measured support for some churches over others in practice and often in theory as well. A church may seek several objectives in regulation. These objectives may undergo change as the regulatory context shifts. A church may conclude that regulation provides a competitive advantage in dealing with competition with other churches. Established, long-existing churches that now enjoy some measure of recognition from the state may wish to stabilize the situation by delimiting the boundaries of state recognition from newer or missionary churches that threaten the membership base of the established churches. The established churches may simply be concerned with maintaining their existing obligations to staffs, buildings, and educational programs. The longer established the church, presumably the greater the obligations it has to sustain existing organizations. The theory of regulatory capture would predict these observations. There is always the risk, however, that the capture model of regulation is not predictive of future state-church relationships, given the possibilities for new directions coming from within the state or from groups found neither in established church(es) nor in the state. New churches are the most likely sources of pressure for changes in the direction of regulation.

The Life Of Charles Dickens :: essays research papers fc

The Life of Charles Dickens   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Dickens was a nineteenth-century novelist who was and still is very popular. He was born in Landport, a region of Portsmouth, on February 7, 1812 (Kyle 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Dickens was the son of John Dickens and Elizabeth Barrow. John Dickens was a minor government official who worked in the Navy Pay Office. Through his work there, he met Elizabeth and eventually married her. By 1821, when Charles was four months old, John Dickens could no longer afford the rent on his house. John Dickens loved to entertain his friends with drinks and conversation. Throughout his life, he was very short of money and in debt. He often had to borrow money to pay off the debt and borrow more money to pay off the people he borrowed the money from. Later on, John Dickens was transferred again to work in the naval dockyard at Chatman. It was here that Charles Dickens' earliest and clearest memories were formed (Mankowitz 9-14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles' education included being taught at home by his mother, attending a Dame School at Chatman for a short time, and Wellington Academy in London. He was further educated by reading widely in the British Museum (Huffam).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In late 1822, John was needed back at the London office, so they had to move to London. This gave Charles opportunities to walk around the town with his father and take in the sights, sounds, and smells of the area. This gave him early inspiration that he would use later on in his life when he started to write (Mankowitz 13-14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James Lamert, the owner of a boot-blacking factory, saw the conditions that the Dickens family was going through. He offered Charles a job there and he was paid six shillings a week which was reasonable at that time. Soon, he was moved downstairs in the sweatshop-like room. Charles had been working at the factory for less than two weeks when his father was arrested for debt. He was sent to debtors prison where he did work to pay off his debt. John paid for Charles' lodging, but Charles had to pay for his food and everything else with the six shillings he earned every week. The details of London and of prison life were imprinting themselves into Dickens' memory and would one day help him in the novels he wrote. After John was in prison for three months, his mother died leaving him enough money to get out of debtors prison (Mankowitz 20-22).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Late in Charles' teens, he became a court reporter. This introduced him to journalism, and he also became interested in politics.

Auto management services

The automotive dealership General Manager ensures the profitability of the dealership by overseeing the various departments which include variable operations (sales & financing), fixed operations (service & parts), and the business office (accounting & administration). Duties of the general manager include, but certainly not limited to, planning, motivating and coordinating the dealership's management through leadership and solid business practices.Job Duties Job duties for a general manger include: Hiring all management positions, completing performance evaluations regularly and eveloping short and long-term goals for each department manager (includes administrative, sales, parts, collision and service departments). Planning and developing short and long-term goals and objectives annually, and submitting time projections to corporate management for approval. Effectively communicating with the comptroller/office manager on a weekly basis to review departmental forecasts and ensure co nsistency with annual projections.Paying close attention to daily operations, recommending and creating improved courses of action where necessary. Explaining the policies and procedures of the dealership to all employees nd following up with employees to ensure that these issues are understood and followed. Providing dealership management with weekly reports on the financial condition of the dealership. Overseeing the monthly financial statement to ensure it is complete, accurate and submitted on time to the management/dealership owners. Coordinating with the business/administrative office to ensure that records and analyses are correctly maintained.Creating a good working relationship with lending institutions and manufacturer personnel and maintaining these relationships. Coordinating regular meetings with the managers of each department to ensure heir profitability and efficiency. Overseeing the hiring and training of all department managers. Maintaining an enthusiastic attitude to build positive employee attitudes and morale. Overseeing and maintaining compensation plans for all employees. Creating cost-effective advertising programs and merchandising strategies for the dealership.Focusing on any customer complaints that department managers are unable to rectify and taking the necessary steps to resolve these complaints. Job Requirements General managers should have at least two years of dealership sales and five years in a supervisory position. Experience in other dealership departments is a plus. They must have strong leadership and organizational skills, and the ability to understand profit and loss statements and manage a large, diverse staff. General managers also must possess strong communication skills to deal with customers, employees and vendors.Managers are required to stay abreast of the federal, state, and local regulations attecting their operations and comply witn them, including hazardous waste disposal and OSHA Right-to-Know regulations. A lso they must provide the necessary training on regulations and ethical practices. AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE MANAGER SUMMARY Directs and coordinates activities concerned with acquisition of automotive equipment and operation and maintenance of automotive fleet repair and storage facilities by performing the following duties personally or through subordinate supervisors.ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES include the following. other duties may be assigned. Coordinates activities of personnel conducting research and testing program on automotive equipment considered for acquisition based on such factors as operational performance, costs of operation and maintenance, operational safety, and compliance with environmental laws and regulations. Reviews and submits staff proposals for modifications to vendor or manufacturer.Directs procurement of all types of company owned and operated automotive equipment and materials, supplies, and parts required to maintain automotive equipment, garages, a nd storage facilities. Coordinates automotive repair and maintenance services to obtain maximum utilization of automotive equipment and prevent operational delays in other departments. SUPERVISORY RESPONSIBILITIES Manages total of 7 employees in the Automotive Department. Carries out supervisory responsibilities in accordance with the organization's policies and applicable laws.Responsibilities include interviewing, hiring, and training employees; planning, assigning, and directing work; appraising performance; rewarding and disciplining employees; addressing complaints and resolving problems. QUALIFICATIONS To perform this Job successfully, an individual must be able to perform each essential duty satisfactorily. The requirements listed below are representative of the knowledge, skill, and/or ability required. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions.LANGUAGE SKILLS Ability to read and interpret documents such as safety rules, operating and aintenance instructions, and procedure manuals. Ability to write routine reports and correspondence. Ability to speak effectively before groups of customers or employees of organization. MATHEMATICAL SKILLS Ability to calculate fgures and amounts such as discounts, interest, commissions, proportions, percentages, area, circumference, and volume. Ability to apply concepts of basic algebra and geometry.REASONING ABILITY Ability to solve practical problems and deal with a variety of concrete variables in situations where only limited standardization exists. Ability to interpret a variety of nstructions furnished in written, oral, diagram, or schedule form. PHYSICAL DEMANDS While performing the duties of this Job the employee is regularly required to stand; walk; use hands to finger, handle, or feel; reach with hands and arms and talk or hear. The employee is occasionally required to sit; climb or balance and stoop, kneel, crouch, or crawl.The employee is regularly required to lift up to 10 pounds and up to 25 pounds. The employee is frequently required to lift up to 50 pounds. The employee is occasionally required to litt up to 00 pounds. The vision requirements include: close vision. While performing the duties of this Job, the employee is regularly required to talk or hear. The employee frequently is required to walk and sit. The employee is occasionally required to stand; use hands to finger, handle, or feel; and reach with hands and arms.WORK ENVIRONMENT While performing the duties of this Job the employee is regularly exposed to moving mechanical parts and fumes or airborne particles. The employee is frequently exposed to outside weather conditions. The employee is occasionally exposed to high, precarious places; toxic or caustic chemicals and risk of electrical shock. Finance Manager Sells new and used car buyers financing and insurance programs. managers also work with financial lenders to give fair interest rates to buyers a nd programs. As with all positions within dealerships, managers are expected to uphold the highest ethical standards.Job Duties Offering vehicle financing and insurance to customers and providing them with a thorough explanation of aftermarket products and extended warranties and a complete explanation of manufacturer and dealership service procedures and policies. Seeking new lending institutions and maintaining good working elationships to secure competitive interest rates and financing programs. Processing financing and leasing deals accurately and securing approval through financial sources to secure approval and through the proper federal, state and corporate channels.Understanding and complying with federal, state and local regulations that affect the new and used-vehicle and finance departments. Creating and maintaining a program with the sales department that will ensure all new sales are referred to the department. Training and providing the sales team with information on f inance and lease programs and the benefits of the dealership's financing and xtended service programs. Job Requirements It is recommended that the finance and insurance manager is recommended has two years of automotive sales experience and one year in a dealership management position.Managerial positions are required to maintain the profitability of their department while controlling expenses and maintaining customer satisfaction. Managers are required to not only understand and keep abreast of the federal, state, and local regulations that affect their operations. F ; I personnel require strong communication skills in order to work with customers, employees and finance and nsurance vendors as they represent the dealership. People working within the automotive retail industry often have to work extended hours, evenings and weekends to achieve their goals.HUMAN RESOURCES Job description Human resource (HR) managers are involved with recruitment, training, career development, compens ation and benefits, employee relations, industrial relations, employment law, compliance, disciplinary and grievance issues, redundancies etc. The Job involves keeping up to date with areas such as employment law, which change often. Generalist HR roles are usually found in small and medium sized ompanies, where the HR manager will deal with the whole range of HR activities. In large multinationals you will otten tind specialists, tor example in learning and development, recruitment or employee relations.Work activities Developing HR planning strategies with line managers by considering immediate and long-term staff requirements Recruiting staff by preparing Job descriptions and Job adverts; deciding on how best to advertise Shortlisting applicants for interview using a variety of selection techniques including psychometric testing Interviewing shortlisted candidates Advising on pay and other issues, including promotion and enefits; administer payroll and maintain staff records Inte rpreting and advising on employment legislation; develop and implement policies on a variety of workplace issues eg disciplinary procedures, absence management, working conditions, performance management and equal opportunities Listening to grievances and implementing disciplinary proceduresAnalysing training needs in conjunction with line managers; planning and delivering training, including staff inductions. Functional Organizations and Product Organization Functional Organizations This is the traditional type of organization. Under functional departments, employees ith closely related skills and responsibilities (functions) are located in the same department. Workers in each of these functions specialized in their tasks and knowledge. For example, senior management set rules and procedures as how to transfer the sales orders into the production schedule, how the customer service deal with complaints and warranty issues. They also have large input in the production process. The ma in advantage of functional organization is efficiency.It works best in small to medium-sized firms that offer relatively few product lines or services. Example of this functional organization will be for a company that anufactured outdoor BBQ stoves. The Sales people get the orders from the customers; the orders are transfer to the production department for production. Products are made and shipping department ships them to customers. Each department is rated by their department performance. Quality department could delay shipment if they feel the product is not meeting specification, affecting Sales target and their commission. Product Organizations Product organizations are formed based on a particular product, or service. Each of these departments can operate fairly autonomously.A key advantage is better oordination and fewer barriers to communication among the functional specialists who work on a particular product. , Therefore, able to response to customers in a timely way. On the other hand, the disadvantage is that product-oriented departments might actually work at cross purposes. For Example, Toyota has a luxury nigh end line ot automobiles called Lexus in addition to their Toyota Brand . Dealer either sells Toyota or Lexus but not both. Each dealer has the same Sales and Service department. The logic behind this split is Toyota management believe the customers who buy the Lexus brand are more affluent and demand higher

Personal Values and Ethics Essay

Those people and things I value most is God, my recovery, self, respect, family, education, career, freedom, friends, community, and finance. For me, these people and things are desirable and important. However, there are times when those things and people cause dilemma in my life, and when I neglect to attend to them, especially when it is those values concerning family, friends, and community, I develop this personal conflict. One thing I have learned to value most is my personal relationship with my Higher Power whom I chose to call â€Å"God. While in active addiction I did all types of horrible things that I should have lost my life for. However, God kept me safe and healthy throughout my entire time in active addiction. For instance, there were times when I would be coming down off a multi-month drug binge and was hungry, but I was too week from the large amounts of drug intake to go find food. My Higher power always came through for me and provided me with the much needed nourishment for my body. Once my mind started to clear, I was could see how my Higher Power had been keeping and carrying me and learned to appreciate and value Him a great deal. Because of my past active addiction, other than drugs I have not always known what I valued. In fact, there was a time when I did not value myself, anything, or anyone. Since being in recovery I have learned to value me, other people, and things. I think that what shaped my values most is my being forced to honestly work a 12-step, self-help program and actively participate in the recovery fellowship of Narcotics Anonymous (N. A. ). In the rooms of N. A I was able to find me and my truths, and this provided me this strong desire to seek personal change and find a new productive way of living life. Acquiring this strong desire for lifestyle changes and seeking it in this fellowship, I was forced to involve myself with people who are free of drugs, living a N. A. Program way of life, and had significant clean time. It was these individuals who molded, helped, and shaped me to develop a sense of self. These new people in my life loved me until I learned to love myself, and this provided the opportunity for me to learn to value me and those people and things in my life at the time. As I continue to fight for my recovery, and as time go by, I noticed that over the years those people and things I value most changes on some level, and honestly working a program has provided me a much better quality of life. For this I have developed this great value for the program of Narcotics Anonymous and its members. Early in my recovery I lived with and in a lot of guilt. At that time, the only thing I had learned to somewhat value was I, and I had done and caused so much damage in my life. This led to my having to deal with a lot dilemma’s that lead to a lot of convictions, and as a result of these convictions, I began to value myself more. Because of this I was later able to appreciate me and not do anything else that could bring potential danger in my personal life and would make me feel worse than I was feeling. Since being in recovery with significant clean time, the level of how much I value people and things has changed. I think that by my incorporating the principles of the 12-steps in my personal life effects my approach and outlook to life. In honestly working these steps I am forced to look at both me and how I am interacting with society. As a result I find that I appreciate people and things more and have come to value them more. I value my family a great deal, especially my immediate family, e. g. , my mom, sister, brother, stepfather, guide mother, and guide sisters. They are always there for me no matter what or how bad I or it had gotten. I did not call often for help, but when I did my family was there to love and support me in any way they could. Today, they are right here on the side lines cheering me on, and they show their appreciation for my new way of life through each of their actions. As a result I have built some wonderful relationships with my family and, I have learned to value and appreciate those relationships a great deal. While facing one of my many horrible consequences I made the best decision, I could have ever made. This was the decision to go back to school to earn my GED. Because of my consistent good accomplishments in school it provided me this great since of appreciation for school and at some point I began to value education a great deal. Today I still value education and although I am facing many dilemmas in my life that, causing conflict with this value, I still push myself to accomplish my education goal. I think that going to prison is something that helped me establish a great value for my freedom. It was not a good feeling being locked up in a small cage like some animal. Neither did it feel good to have others tell me when to sleep, eat, bath, etc. While in prison I was forced to be alone with me and learn how to be in a relationship with me. As a result my sense of self multiplied, and it was the first time that I felt this sense of personal value. Although I had lost the ability to do so I have always valued work and establishing a career. This is one value that was instilled in me from my mother. I watch her work day in and day out to provide for and take care of us. Due to my being raised in a neighborhood where many of the children’s parents did not work I took great pride in and valued the fact that my mom had a job. Not just a job but a job that allowed here to give me and my sister most of the things we wanted. Watching my mom work instilled in me a desire to work as well. Once I started to work, how I valued working changed because I was now getting a check. Making money from work provided me this very strong value and desire for both work and money, and it also confirmed for me that working a job was the only way I could make money, thus being able to take care of me and make it in this world independently. Here recently I have come to value friends and community. I guess that this is due to my having established some healthy relationships that I appreciate and desire versus the those that I was accustomed to in my past and resented. Today, I am well liked and respected by personal friends and people in my community, and this provides me a sense of belonging and being apart. An ethical dilemma I had little difficult with was one that happened when I was working as a case manager at this Social Service Agency. There was a female client who came into the office seeking rental assistance services. During the assessments it was learned that she had participated in another rental assistance program through another agency six months prior. Due to the agency being in relationship with this agency, through Memorandum of Understanding, our office was able to call their office and provide and get information about this young lady participation in their program. After contacting the partnering agency it was learned that the client had participated in another rental assistance program four months prior to receiving services there. As a result it was believed that the client was abusing the rental assistance programs and funds in the area and was denied services. This did not cause much conflict with my personal values because this client was abusing the system. I know of many people who could really use, need, and deserve the assistance and here this lady is abusing it. I wanted to be angry with her and sabotage her file so she could not ever receive any kind of services from the agency again, but I knew this would be unethical practice and I did not do it. I felt that this client deserved to be denied for assistance; however, many of the staff including myself argued that contacting these external agencies about the case, and providing information about the client was in violation of the client’s confidentiality rights. I think that this lady and others like her needed to be stopped, and the rental assistance program funds needs to be protected from abusers like this client. I think that I would have a lot of ethical dilemmas if I worked with the Department of Corrections (DOC) population, especially if I am employed in their health care/treatment system. I tend to believe that many of the individuals in this population do not want treatment and would refuse it if they could. DOC forces many individuals in their population to participate in treatments that he or she do not really understand and really have no interest in understanding. In fact, it is almost unheard of for inmates within the Department of Corrections to receive an informed consent prior to receiving various treatments or services. In most cases the health care department calls the inmate over and tells him or her what is going to be done and walks away without any further information until it is time to provide the treatment or service. This causes a dilemma for me because I believe that everybody, including prison inmates, should be entitled to the same privileges and freedoms when receiving treatment in prison. He or she should be provided an informed consent and allowed the opportunity to volunteer for services or treatment. There are some things that I desire and feel are important to me, e. g. , God, my recovery, self, respect, family, education, career, etc. Due to convictions that result from the desires to and importance of these people and things, I must sometimes deal with personal conflicts. Over the years, I have learned to value my relationship with God. God is at the top of my value list because he has done so much in keeping me. Today, I value myself a great deal. When I do not attend to my personal needs I feel this great sense of conviction and I think this result from my involvement with the Narcotics Anonymous program. I value the N. A. program because it and its members has provided me a new way of life at a greater quality.

Free Essays on Dubois

In Du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folk he addresses what it is like to be an African American living in the turn of the twentieth century. Du Bois isn’t like any ordinary black man though. He fortunately has been very well educated. This is rare during this time period. He discusses what its like to be black and how race will have effect on society in the future. I think that Du Bois is a sociological figure. He brings up ideas from an African American view. Not many sociologists, if there are even any, have done this before. Race had a huge impact on life during this time. Many blacks didn’t have the opportunity that Du Bois was given. Most didn’t even get to go to college, or even get through high school. Du Bois saw the fact that blacks had it hard, and this is what he discussed in his book, The Souls of Black Folk. When Weber discusses legitimate authority, he discusses how domination, or legitimate domination is one type of authority. This does not always mean in a rational sense. After reading Du Bois, I feel that he believed that the southern authority was not legitimate during this time period. The southern African Americans didn’t agree to the Southern authority of the time period. I don’t think that the black citizens of the south didn’t really accept and obey the rules. I believe that Du Bois mostly believes in traditional type of social action. Where the traditional rights of the dominant group are accepted or not challenged. The blacks although they didn’t accept the rules for the most part, they didn’t really challenge them. When looking at his writings, it is easy to see the traditional action in them. He discusses how it feels to be a problem. â€Å"A people thus handicapped†¦ sweating black man is darkened by the shadow of a vast despair.† (Du Bois, Kimmel p. 386) I believe what Du Bois meant by this quote is that while the white man is out doing whatever it is that he does, the black man is ou... Free Essays on Dubois Free Essays on Dubois In Du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folk he addresses what it is like to be an African American living in the turn of the twentieth century. Du Bois isn’t like any ordinary black man though. He fortunately has been very well educated. This is rare during this time period. He discusses what its like to be black and how race will have effect on society in the future. I think that Du Bois is a sociological figure. He brings up ideas from an African American view. Not many sociologists, if there are even any, have done this before. Race had a huge impact on life during this time. Many blacks didn’t have the opportunity that Du Bois was given. Most didn’t even get to go to college, or even get through high school. Du Bois saw the fact that blacks had it hard, and this is what he discussed in his book, The Souls of Black Folk. When Weber discusses legitimate authority, he discusses how domination, or legitimate domination is one type of authority. This does not always mean in a rational sense. After reading Du Bois, I feel that he believed that the southern authority was not legitimate during this time period. The southern African Americans didn’t agree to the Southern authority of the time period. I don’t think that the black citizens of the south didn’t really accept and obey the rules. I believe that Du Bois mostly believes in traditional type of social action. Where the traditional rights of the dominant group are accepted or not challenged. The blacks although they didn’t accept the rules for the most part, they didn’t really challenge them. When looking at his writings, it is easy to see the traditional action in them. He discusses how it feels to be a problem. â€Å"A people thus handicapped†¦ sweating black man is darkened by the shadow of a vast despair.† (Du Bois, Kimmel p. 386) I believe what Du Bois meant by this quote is that while the white man is out doing whatever it is that he does, the black man is ou...

Applications For Integrated Circuits Information Technology Essay

Applications For Integrated Circuits Information Technology Essay An integrated circuit is the name for collections of electronic components imbedded onto a single piece of silicon. Silicon is the base for most transistors, diodes and other semiconductors. It can also be used as a resistor, capacitor and coil. Each IC is designed to carry out certain tasks and the circuit is designed accordingly. The circuit is then printed or etched onto the silicon substrate and then into a plastic or ceramic enclosure. Applications Applications for integrated circuits are as varied as the imagination of the designers. Within limits, anything that can be designed and built with discrete components can be put into an IC. Audio amplifier, video processors, logic, memory, switches, radio frequency encoders and decoders are just a few examples. The range of IC applications is vast and growing daily. One of the major applications is computing. Computers that once had thousands of transistors have been reduced to a handful of ICs. The early computers that were the siz e of a building are now outperformed in almost every way by laptops and even handheld computers because of the use if ICs As ICs are developed, the design costs and production costs of equipment are reducing. Reliability increases as large parts of the final product are enclosed in single packages, reducing assembly errors, connection problems and size of circuit boards. It is now rare to see any electronic equipment that does not have at least one IC. Indeed, some have only one IC and require no other components of any kind. The real answer to the question is to look around. Wherever electronics are used, there is probably an IC inside Many integrated circuits can be found in almost every  electronic device. They function as timers, amplifiers, logic units, counters, calculators, temperature sensors, and radio receivers. Integrated circuit of  Atmel  Diopsis 740System on Chip  showing memory blocks, logic and input/output pads around the periphery Microchips (EPROM  memor y) with a transparent window, showing the integrated circuit inside. Note the fine silver-colored wires that connect the integrated circuit to the pins of the package. The window allows the memory contents of the chip to be erased, by exposure to strong  ultraviolet light  in an eraser device. In  electronics, an  integrated circuit  (also known as  IC,  chip, or  microchip) is a miniaturized  electronic circuit  (consisting mainly of  semiconductor devices, as well as  passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin  substrate  of  semiconductor  material. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics.  Computers,  cellular phones, and other  digital  appliances  are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of production of integrated circuits. A  hybrid integrated circuit  is a miniat urized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board. A monolithic integrated circuit is made of devices manufactured by diffusion of trace elements into a single piece of semiconductor substrate, a chip.

Steroids and Masculinity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Steroids and Masculinity - Research Paper Example Steroids are chemical substances which induce changes in hormonal secretions. They are naturally occurring or synthetic fat-soluble organic compounds which are in diverse range including bile acids, vitamin D, cholesterol etc (Steroids). They encourage masculinity and add strength to one’s body. Physical fitness reflects mental upliftment. This steroid consumption slowly becomes an addiction. Following essay addresses the issue of steroid intake in men, its impacts- positive and negative and substitute measures to steroid intake. There are many reasons prevailing in the society for the widespread use of steroids. The media holds a strong influence on the minds of people. They publicize and advocate weight loss, leaner body structures and attractive figures while promoting celebrity endorsed products. This provokes men to be like those celebrities whom they admire. The use of steroids is related with the degree of satisfaction that men have about their own body structure. Some people are believed to have a behavioural syndrome: ‘muscle dysmorphia’; in this condition although men have strong and large muscular built, they still think they are weak (Why Do People Abuse Anabolic Steroids). This mental dilemma forces them to take external help in the form of steroids to build their body according to their hypothetical body image. Men are lured into taking steroids because of its benefits which are- muscle and strength gain, increased agility, increased stamina and increased endurance in any of the physical activities (The Benefits of Using Steroids). Some other benefits include enhanced functioning of sexual organs, treatment of various disorders such as asthma, kidney problems, facial paralysis attacks, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, etc (The Advantages and Benefits of Steroids). As every coin has two sides, so does the consumption of steroids. Some health hazards due to its consumption are- hair loss, fertility problems, insomnia, headache,

In depth alnalysis of El Mariachi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

In depth alnalysis of El Mariachi - Essay Example It is all about a young mariachi (a wandering musician or a singing guitar player) who gets caught in a web of mistaken identity. The plot of mistaken identity has been used in many films, like in Alfred Hitchcock’s North by Northwest. Rodriguez again uses this plot in El Mariachi. El Mariachi arrives in a small dusty town of Mexico to start a new life. His only interest and his dream is his music. But he soon realizes that this is not easy when he gets mistaken for a criminal named Azul, a drug lord who is being chased by a rival named Moco, as both wear black and carry a guitar case. The only difference is that while one carries a guitar in his case the other carries a machine gun. The mistaken identities result in the rivals trying to kill El Mariachi. In the meantime El Mariachi falls in love with Domino. Moco is also in love with this woman. By the time the true identities are known, Moco comes to know that Domino and El Mariachi are in love. In a fit of rage Moco kills D omino and shoots off the hand of the mariachi. After this when Moco laughs in El Mariachis face, El Mariachi kills him. The story is set in a small Mexican town and the director shows how drug dealers can control a small town. The movie has a well-written script. It is full of action, but not very flashy. Hal Hinson (1996) in Washington Post has rightly said, "Rodriguez has boiled the art of filmmaking down to its visceral, kinetic essence. In "El Mariachi" everything is expressed in terms of action, pure and simple." The plot is simple, but universal at the same time. The story may be fictional but the characters and also the atmosphere is typical of Northern Mexico. From the scene of the turtle walking across till the end all the scenes are fascinating and enjoyable. Through a series of fierce gun battles and astonishing car chases, Rodriguez does manage to maintain a fast and furious pace. The bullets fly thick and fast and the action does not let up one

CRIMINAL JUSTICE JURY MOST RELAIBLE FOR DETERMINING GUILT OR Essay

CRIMINAL JUSTICE JURY MOST RELAIBLE FOR DETERMINING GUILT OR INNOCENCE, LEGAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT JURIES DECISIONS, ARE THEIR DECISIONS RELIABLE AND VALID, - Essay Example (King, 1999) This was the only right that was agreed unanimously by the twelve participating states. Accordingly the trial jury acquired veto power over the law and became more powerful than any government official such as Judges. An appeals court in the United States described the power of a jury "unreviewable and irreversible" over that of a trail judge. (Jurors Handbook) The jury system has become one of the most important aspects of criminal procedures in many countries, though the procedures adopted differ from country to country and even within a country as is evident in the United States, nevertheless, the jury is perceived to bring in certain attributes of the communities to bear. In Australia, the jury list is made up of people who had been elected from randomly from the electoral rolls,2 same for the United States, where potential jurors are now randomly selected by a computer using electoral or driver's licenses records. (Doyle, 2004) The duties of a jury are to asses only the facts of a case in reaching a verdict, but there are certain factors that affect the conduct or predisposition of any potential or chosen juror. Juries can be influenced by the Judges, attorneys, defendants, their particular lifestyles and beliefs and many other possible factors. Various studies conducted have shown that jurors could be influenced beyond the scope of evidence by a defendants attributes e.g. race, status or sex. For example, in one of the studies conducted,(Decaire, n.a.) white and black male subjects were exposed to cases with defendants and victims of varied races, it was observed that in cases involving white victims the white subjects (jurors) showed bias, placing higher guilt against black defendants accused of crimes against white people, thus showing that jury recommendations can be influenced by their individual stereotype of crime and the alleged criminal. Judge decisions. Judicial influence over any jury trial is as important as the role the jurors play. Though it is the members of the jury who return the guilty or innocent verdict, the powers of a presiding judge also allows him to prevent the introduction of 'illegal' evidence or argument by counsels in support of both prosecution and defences. Judges do not tell jurors what to deduce from the evidence presented to them, but they have powers to prevent the jurors from hearing any evidence deemed not suitable to achieving a fair trial. For instance, if a jury is presiding over a rape case, the sitting judge might not allow the jury hear evidence of the rape victim's past sexual history. This is to prevent the jurors being influenced by facts outside the present case. Psychological or expert witness. The role of expert-witness in the criminal justice system is a person who has some special training or experience in a criminal behavioural area and can help the judge, lawyers and the juries arrive at the truth in the judicial process. (Yablonsky, 1998) Most of these experts are however paid consultants and present evidence that advance the case of their clients. They are therefore mostly perceived as 'hired guns' and their credibility questioned. Recently in the UK, Professor Sir Roy Meadow's name was struck off the

Project Performance Evaluation by Earned Value Analysis

Project Performance Evaluation by Earned Value Analysis Project Performance Evaluation by Earned Value Analysis – A Case Study Abstract- Earned Value management (EVM) is a well-known project management tool that uses information on cost, schedule and work performance to track the current status of the project. It uses information on cost, schedule and work performance to establish the current status of the project. The calculation of earned value is a very effective tool in measuring the progress of contractors in external projects. Computation of earned value can be part of an audit activity, or it can be integrated into the progress monitoring system. The concept of earned value is generally used in the context of fixed price contracts where the objective is to calculate the amount of payment that is due to the contractor. Keywords- Project Performance Evaluation, Earned Value, Cost Control, Forecasting INTRODUCTION Earned value analysis is a project control technique which provides cost and schedule performance measurements of the project. It is a frequently used method of performance measurement for projects. It integrates the project scope baseline and the cost baseline, along with the schedule baseline, to form the performance baseline, which helps the project management team assess and measure project performance and progress. EVM provides project managers and the organization with triggers or early warning signals that allow them to take timely actions in response to indicators of poor performance and enhance the opportunities for project success. Better planning and resource allocation associated with the early periods of a project might be the cause of this reliability. EVM IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS EVM can be used for progress payments to contractors based on the earned value (EV) of contracted or outsourced work. Since such contractual arrangements create legal and financial obligations, it is important to consider the method specified for evaluating progress. These methods and tools for the determination of progress should be carefully considered and negotiated to achieve a fair and equitable environment that encourages successful accomplishment of contracted or outsourced project items. Once a project has advanced to a stage of performance, the consistent and constant flow of information on the true status of the project is essential. EVM is a methodology that associates project scope, schedule, and resource measurements to analyse project performance and progress. The fundamental principle of EVM is that the patterns and trends of performance, when compared against a soundly developed baseline, can be excellent predictors of the future project performance. Feedback is critical to the success of any project. Getting the relevant feedback in time enables project managers to identify problems early and make adjustments that keeps a project on time and on budget. EVM is considered by many to be one of the most effective performance measurement and feedback tools for managing construction projects. In EVM system, the three parameters that influence the project performance control are: Planned Value (PV) Planned value (PV) is the sanctioned budget assigned to a scheduled work. It may also be known as the Budgeted Cost for Work Scheduled (BCWS). This budget is allocated by phases over the life of the project, but at a given moment, planned value outlines the physical work that should have been accomplished. The overall PV is sometimes referred to as the performance measurement baseline (PMB). The total planned value for the project is also known as budget at completion (BAC) [1]. Earned Value (EV) Earned value (EV) is the measure of work performed at a specific point in time, expressed in terms of the authorized budget for that work. The EV being measured needs to be related to the PMB, and it cannot be greater than the authorized PV budget for a component. The EV is often used to calculate the percentage completion of a project. Progress evaluation criteria should be established for each work breakdown structure (WBS) component to measure work in progress. The earned value methodology used to plan the baseline should be used consistently to determine the earned value. Project managers monitor EV, both incrementally to determine current status and cumulatively to determine the long-term performance trends [2], [1]. Actual Cost (AC) Actual cost (AC) is the realized cost incurred for the work performed during a specific time period. It is the total cost incurred in achieving the work that the EV measured. In order for EVM analysis to be reliable, AC must be recorded in the same time period as EV and for the same activity or work breakdown structure component as EV. Fig. 1 shows the actual cost at time now, and indicates that the organization has spent more than it planned to spend in order to achieve the work performed to date. Fig. 1 Earned Value curve for a project over budget and behind schedule LITERATURE REVIEW Previous researches done on the EVM indicate that it is definitely one of the better practice to monitor a project. Therefore in this project we will be considering Earned Value Analysis for research purpose. Pramod M et al. (2014), recognise that the absence of an effective system for monitoring and controlling project cost is the main reason for cost escalation and delays in the project. Their study considers Earned Value analysis and Earned Schedule concept as the two monitoring systems which can be used to monitor a construction project. The study was done on a residential apartment in Bangalore. They concluded their research by saying, Earned Value Analysis is a great monitoring system for project cost control when the required information are cost oriented [3]. Jose Angelo Valle and Carlos Alberto Pereira Soares (2012), did a critical review of the application of EVA for the Amusement Park named Monica Park in Brazil, which was is documented with reports, graphs, analyses and comments. EVA had a relevant role in the integrated management of the project scope, time, progress, cost and risks and the procurement. Because of the implementation of EVA, the project finished on time and on budget. The findings of the case study are analysed and concluded with 10 recommended steps for future implementation of the EVA process [4]. Antony Prasanth M A and K Thirumalai Raja (2014), selected Integrated housing and slum development program (IHSDP) located in Mattampuram, Thrissur, Kerala, for case study. Budgeted cost of work performed was compared against actual cost of work performed and budgeted cost of work scheduled to assess cost and schedule variances, respectively. Based on the collected data, schedule of the project and cost for individual activities had prepared. It gave an idea of cost and time required for individual activities and for the entire construction. S-Curve was drawn showing the relationship between duration and cost of the project. From the calculation of various project performance indicators, they arrived at conclusion that the project has an unfavourable schedule variance of 9.5 which meant the project was behind schedule. A SPI of .62 and a CPI of 0.82 was obtained. EAC of 411.20 lakhs was obtained which is 74.02 lakhs more than the BAC at 337.18 lakhs [5]. EVM PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING PARAMETER Calculating Project Performance EVA analyses project performance by calculating performance variances and performance indices. Common variances include: Schedule Variance (SV):Schedule variance (SV) is the amount by which the project is ahead or behind the planned delivery date, at a given point in time. It is a measure of schedule performance on a project. It is equal to the earned value (EV) minus the planned value (PV). The EVM schedule variance is a useful metric which can indicate when a project is falling behind or is ahead of its baseline schedule. The EVM schedule variance will ultimately equal zero when the project is completed because all of the planned values will have been earned. Cost variance (CV):Cost variance (CV) is the amount of budget deficit or surplus at a given point in time. It is a measure of cost performance on a project. It is equal to the earned value (EV) minus the actual cost (AC). The cost variance at the end of the project will be the difference between the budget at completion (BAC) and the actual amount spent. Schedule performance index (SPI):The schedule performance index (SPI) is a measure of schedule efficiency expressed as the ratio of earned value to planned value. SPI indicates the rate at which the project is progressing. It is sometimes used in conjunction with the cost performance index (CPI) to forecast the final project completion estimates. An SPI value less than 1.0 indicates less work was completed than was planned. An SPI greater than 1.0 indicates that more work was completed than was planned. Cost performance index (CPI):The cost performance index (CPI) is a measure of the cost efficiency of budgeted resources, expressed as a ratio of earned value to actual cost. It is considered the most critical EVM metric and measures the cost efficiency for the work completed. A CPI value of less than 1.0 indicates a cost overrun for work completed and greater than 1.0 indicates a cost underrun of performance to date. Performance Forecasting As the project progresses, forecasts can be developed for cost and schedule performance. Common forecasting data includes: Estimate to Complete (ETC):The estimate to complete (ETC) is the expected cost needed to complete all of the remaining work for a control account, work package, or the project. The most accurate method is to develop a new, detailed, bottom-up estimate based on an analysis of the remaining work. Estimate at Completion (EAC):Estimate at completion (EAC), is the expected total cost of a control account, work package, or the project when the defined scope of work will be completed. The EAC is typically based on the actual cost incurred for work completed (AC), plus an estimate to complete (ETC) for the remaining work. Variance at Completion (VAC):The cost variance at completion (VAC), derived by subtracting the EAC from the BAC, forecasts the amount of budget deficit or surplus at the end of the project. The VAC shows the team whether the project is forecasted to finish under or over budget. This can be expressed as a percentage by dividing VAC by BAC. To complete performance index (TCPI):The TCPI is a comparative measure. It compares work completed to date with budget required to complete the remaining work. The TCPI data can be used as the basis for a discussion which explores whether the performance required is realistically achievable. It is the ratio of remaining work to the remaining budget. TABLE I EVM AS IT RELATES TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT SITUATIONS Project Management Questions EVM Performance Measures Formula Schedule Analysis Forecasting: To know the status of project Time-Wise. Are we ahead or behind schedule? Schedule Variance (SV) SV = EV/PV How efficiency are we using time? Schedule Performance Index (SPI) SPI = EV/PV Cost Analysis Forecasting: To know the status of project Cost-Wise. Are we under or over our budget? Cost Variance (CV) CV = EV-AC How efficiently are we using our resources? Cost Performance Index (CPI) CPI = EV/AC How efficiently must we use our remaining resources? To-Complete Performance Index (TCPI) TCPI = (BAC – EV)/(BAC – AC ) What is the project likely to cost? Estimate at Completion (EAC) EAC = BAC/CPI Will we be under or over budget? Variance at Completion (VAC) VAC = BAC-EAC What will the remaining work cost? Estimate to Complete (EAC) ETC = (BAC-EV)/CPI CONCLUSIONS The study of various research works and case studies give an idea that Earned Value Analysis is a great monitoring system for project cost control. Therefore, in this paper I will be making an attempt to apply and analyse the use of EVM on a live project based on the findings and guidelines of the references. REFERENCES [1] PMI, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), 4th Edition, Project Management Institute, USA, 2008. [2] PMI, Practice Standard for Earned Value Management, 2nd Edition, Project Management Institute, USA, 2005. [3] Pramod M, K. Phaniraj and V. Srinivasan, â€Å"Monitoring System for Project Cost Control in Construction Industry†, in International Journal of Engineering Research Technology (IJERT), Vol. 3, Issue 7, pp. 1487-1491, July 2014. [4] Jose Angelo Valle and Carlos Alberto Pereira Soares, â€Å"The Use of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) in the Cost Management of Construction Projects†, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology, pp1-11, Mar 2011. [5] Antony Prasanth M A and K Thirumalai Raja, â€Å"Project Performance Evaluation by Earned Value Method†, International Conference on Engineering Technology and Science, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, Feb. 2014.

Emily Dickinson :: essays research papers

Emily Dickinson The year 1830 is a crucial date in English history. You see, this is the year that one of the most influential poets in the world was born. Emily Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, an old fashioned Puritan town. Rarely did she go outside to meet strangers or walk in the garden. Emily felt uncomfortable outside of her house and even if she did travel, it wasn't for more than one hour. She was greatly impacted by her father, who was a lawyer, politician, and treasurer of Amherst College. The turning point in Emily's life occurred while she was on a business trip in Washington D.C. with her father. There, Emily met a Presbyterian Minister. Soon enough, she deeply fell in love with this man , whose name was Charlies Wadsworth. Even though the two were acquaintances, Emily felt a bond between herself and the much older and already married minister. However, although Charles was kind to her, he did not return her love. Eight years later, in1862, Charlies left for San Francisco, Calafornia with his family. It was about this time that Emily totally secluded herself from the world and started what would be world famous poems throughout the future . She adopted her ideas on poetry from her personal life, her fondness of nature, death, and her dislike of organized religion. War is occasionally pulled into Emily's poems also. Emily seemed truly concerned over happenings in her personal life. So she mainly focused her writings on the loss of her lover. In "I Never Saw A Moor," she describes things that she had never seen or experienced before but she knows what they are about. Here, Emily is trying to express herself on why she thinks Charles left her. She is desperately searching for answers. Emily attempted to teach others a lesson when she wrote "Tell All The Turth, But Tell It Slant." In this work, she wishes that Charles had given her a reason why he left so abruptly. She is stressing that people should tell all the truth, but lay it down easily so it does not cause strife. "Heart! We Will Forget Him!" Explains her feelings that she still has for Charles. However, she strived to put memories of Charles behind her and to move on in life. Emily hoped to see her lost love in eternity sometime. On the other hand, her love for Charles was not the only thing that she wrote about. "The Spider Holds A Silver Ball" explains why we should admire a spider's web. A spider took an excessive amount of time to build the silver

Rationale Childrens Book Essay

Annie Makes a Mess of her New Red Dress sprouted from a seed of a few ideas about a little girl who receives a new dress and has trouble with it. The purpose of my children’s book is to communicate the different elements of life that small children love or hate such as birthday parties, lollies, balloons, parks and playgrounds. Another purpose is to educate children about overcoming adversity and the fact that it’s never as bad as they think. There are many themes in this book but the main ones are adventure and overcoming adversity. This book is created for children from the age of four to around six. Originally the title was Jess Makes a Mess of her New Red Dress but after researching titles and texts I decided to change my characters name so that it’s not alliterative because as Mem Fox proposed, use names that will reveal something about the character. I chose Annie because to me it cute and resembles virtue in a young girl. The title is varied in colour and at first I was unsure about this but after researching the best sellers of children’s books, I found that many of them used the same technique to emphasise a word or to represent its meaning. In my title the word red is emphasised by being the colour red as opposed to the other words which are black. For Annie, I chose a red coloured dress because it’s noticeable and vibrant to attract the eyes of a young reader. The dress resembles innocence and the love for clothes that the majority of girls will have throughout their lives. When illustrating the book, I decided to create pictures appropriate for the age group, they are basic but colourful. All the illustrations, including the front cover are framed by two bars of white. This is to enclose or border the illustrations to have them as the main focus. The illustration on the front cover flows through to the back as I think this is an attractive feature in a children’s book as discussed in class. On some pages the illustrations have no background again the same technique is used, to have the image as the main focus such as the playground equipment or Annie in the introduction. In most of the images Annie’s dress is unravelling; I depict this through the red thread of cotton behind Annie. Children love this as they can trace their finger around the red line or follow it with their eyes. The psychology of children must also be considered when reading or writing a children’s book.

Promote person centred values Essay

Person-centred is about providing care and support that is centred or focused on the individual and their needs. We are all individual and just because two people might have the same medical condition, for example, Dementia, it doesn’t mean that they require the same care and support. You will need to develop a clear understanding about the individuals you are working with. This includes their needs, their culture, their means of communication, their likes and dislikes, their family and other professionals’ involvement so you can promote and provide person centred care and support. Individuality: Assumptions should never be made about an individual. They should never have to fit in with you or your employer. Individuals should be allowed and supported to make their own choices. Care and support needs should be tailored to suit each individual. This shows respect by preserving the individual’s dignity and individuality. Their personal beliefs should be respected. Independence: Allow the individuals you support to do things for themselves, however small. Being independent does not necessarily mean being completely alone, but being supported to do things for themselves. Take time to enable the individuals you support to be independent. Independence makes people feel in control of their lives and gives them a sense of self-worth. Privacy: You will need to understand each individual’s need for privacy and support this in the way you work. The availability of private space will be different in residential care home and home care environments. Irrespective of which environment, you should always ask permission before entering an individual’s room. Always knock on their door. Close doors when performing personal hygiene but first check the individual is happy with you doing so. Every individual should have time and spaces to do things in private if they should wish to, for example, meeting friends and family or making phone calls. Partnership: Working in partnership with other professionals, with colleagues, families and carers is an essential part of providing care and support. Person-centred care and  support is about a whole range of people working together to improve the lives of individuals. Partnership is all about the individual you are supporting and all of the partners involved will need good communication, sharing appropriate information, putting the individual’s best interests at the centre of everything that everyone does. Choice: Each individual you are supporting should be allowed and supported to make choices. They should be given thorough information in order to make informed choices themselves. Never take over because you can do things faster or because you think something should be done a particular way. Always involve the individual in decisions about their care and support. Sometimes individuals can be overwhelmed with choice, for example, individuals suffering from Dementia, may respond better if you give them two simple choices but this is much better than giving no choice at all. Must be able to communicate and listen well. Dignity: Dignity is what we feel when we are respected and it is what makes us feel important in society and in our lives. Whether individuals are eating, sleeping, washing, shopping or dying, care and support workers must help them to feel dignified. Be aware of the importance of preserving an individual’s dignity, ask them how they wish to be addressed; try not to rush them and take time to listen; use towels or clothing to cover them up when performing intimate care tasks. It is important not to stereotype or make guesses about individuals and their needs. Respect: Is showing an individual respect, you will support them in what they believe is important, whatever their age, culture, disability, gender, belief or sexual orientation. When working with other people or professionals, never ignore the individuals you are supporting. Always include them in the conversation, irrespective of the subject? Rights: Individuals you care for and support should continue to have the same rights as when they were living independently. Each individual you support has the right to say no, the right to have a relationship, the right to have a say about how they are supported. They have a right to choose what they eat and when, how they dress and when. They have the right to choose their friends and what they want to do with their time. You may have to make changes to take an individual’s rights into account. You may have to balance an individual’s  rights against your responsibilities and consider if either they or you are at risk? If you are concerned or unsure, check with your supervisor or manager. Choice and Control – Enabling people to make choices about the way they live and the care they receive. Communication – Speaking to people respectfully and listening to what they have to say; ensuri ng clear dialogue between workers and services. Eating and Nutritional Care – Providing a choice of nutritious, appetising meals, that meet the needs and choices of individuals, and support with eating where needed. Pain Management – Ensuring that people living with pain have the right help and medication to reduce suffering and improve their quality of life. Personal Hygiene – Enabling people to maintain their usual standards of personal hygiene. Practical Assistance – Enabling people to maintain their independence by providing ‘that little bit of help’. Privacy – Respecting people’s personal space, privacy in personal care and confidentiality of personal information. Social Inclusion – Supporting people to keep in contact with family and friends, and to participate in social activities. Working in a person centred way Person-centred approaches are about the individual being the centre of their care and support plan enabling them to have control over their lives. Person-centred approaches are about enabling individuals to live their own lives and not just providing a service. It is about focusing on the individual person’s needs and not the tasks that need completing. Person-centred planning is a way for individuals to plan for what they want now and in the future, together with the people in their lives who they like and trust. It is based on the following values: Everyone has a right to plan their own lives and be at the centre of any planning that is done for them. Be part of their community, live their lives as they want, and if they need support to do this for this support to be provided in a way in which they want it. The person is at the centre. Family members and friends are partners. Reflects what is important to the person and their capacities. Specifies the support the person needs to make a valued contribution to their community. Builds a shared commitment. Leads to continual listening and learning about what the person wants to get from their life. You should always reflect on and celebrate the diversity of the  people you are supporting. There are many reasons why individuals think and act the way they do and only by building up comprehensive knowledge about these important things can you help them to fulfil their wishes and needs. You can find out about an individual’s history, preferences, wishes and needs by looking at their Individual Needs Assessment. This will look at a variety of different things depending on the individual being assessed, for example, physical, emotional, social, spiritual, communication, support or care needs. The individual will need to be able to trust the person conducting the Individual Needs. Assessment and encouraged to use their strengths to feel confident that the process will lead to positive outcomes for them. Establish Consent when providing care or support A care or support plan sets out what care or support an individual needs. The Individual Needs Assessment will enable the required care and support to be determined. The care plan will contain lots of information, for example, medical history, family contacts, risk assessments. It is usually written by someone who has specifically been trained to do this. Your role is to make sure you read and work to the requirements of the care or support plan, to record any changes and to report significant changes. You will need to understand the boundaries of your responsibilities regarding the individuals you support. Just like your needs and desires change, so will those of the individuals you support. Changes could be from a whole range of aspects of the individual’s life. It is important to recognise that as needs change, how support is provided will also need to be reviewed regularly to see if any changes or adjustments are required. You have a responsibility to listen to individuals, to hear what they are saying, to write down any information about change in the care or support plan and contact your supervisor or manager if this is likely to have an impact on the level or type of care and support that is provided. Supporting an individual to plan for their future well-being may include the following, their: Sense of hope , Confidence , Self- esteem , Ability to communicate their needs , Ability to make contact with other people , Ability to show warmth and affection , Experience and showing of pleasure and enjoyment. Fulfilment is about  feeling satisfied, pleased, content, a sense of achievement and success. Supporting active participation Providing individuals with empowerment is important. Empowerment is about enabling the individuals you support to contribute and have an influence over the issues which affect the way they live. When individuals make choices, they have more control and feel valued. Providing individuals with empowerment to make informed choices enables individuals to maintain their rights of choice, equality and opportunity. Active Participation is a way of working that recognises an individual’s right to participate in the activities and relationships of everyday life as independently as possible; the individual is regarded as an active partner in their own care or support, rather than just a recipient. Being part of a community is particularly important to individuals who live on their own and do not work. It means they have relationships and make friendships with other people giving them a more fulfilling life. It doesn’t matter what kind of contribution they make or the type of activities they are involved in, just being part of something will give them a sense of belonging, a feeling of self-worth and independence. Your role as a care or support worker is to help individuals to make informed choices about things that happen every day and also in planning for the longer term. Each time you work with an individual you should be able to give them choices. Individuals’ choices will be different depending on the types of tasks you are doing together and their abilities. Good communication is essential so that you can give choices and individuals can make them. It doesn’t matter what environment you support an individual in, there should always be plenty of opportunity to provide choices. Here are some examples: When would they like to get up? What would they like to wear? What would they like to eat and drink? What brands would they like to use, for example, shampoo, toothpaste, moisturiser? What activities would they like to take part in? You can support individuals to make choices by giving them encouragement and giving praise when they have made a choice. This will give them the confidence to continue to make choices about other aspects of their lives. If an individual identifies a particular hobby or activity they wish to participate in, it might be worth checking if there are local groups or  facilities that would be prepared to support the individual to participate.   Supporting an individual’s rights to make choices In order to enable an individual to make an informed choice, both you and the individual first need to think about what all of the available options are. You then need to look at what are good and bad about each option. Health and safety are important factors and must be put first for you, the individual and anyone else involved. The Mental Capacity Act provides the legal framework for capacity and decision making about health and social care and financial decisions. It applies to everyone aged over 16. You will need to consider whether the person you are supporting has capacity to make informed decisions or whether you need a formal mental capacity review. It is important to note that a person is assumed to have capacity unless it is proved otherwise. There is a four-step way to test for capacity: A person must be able to: 1. Understand the information relevant to a decision 2. Retain the information 3. Use the information as part of the decision making process 4. Communicate their decision In supporting a person to make a decision, you have a duty to assist the person in all four of these steps. For example, using appropriate communication methods to help the person to understand and communicate. Capacity is assessed specific to each decision and each occasion. For example, a person may have capacity to make a decision in the morning about what to wear, but not later that day in deciding if they want to move home. If someone is assessed as lacking capacity, any decision taken on their behalf must be in their best interests and you must consider if there are less restrictive options. For example, if a decision can be delayed until a person is less distressed, this is the best course of action. However, if a person does have capacity this over-rides what you may consider as an unwise decision. Each individual should have a formal risk assessment as part of their care and support plan. The risk assessment should contain information about the individual and the type of care and support they need. It will  provide the most appropriate options for keeping the individual and anyone else involved as safe as possible. It will also tell you how to do some tasks where these tasks have been risk assessed and the best option has been established. For example: A particular way of moving and handling is recommended for Mr X because he has health issues that mean he or she can only be moved in a particular way. Mr X doesn’t like being moved this way and asks to be moved another way. You should always follow the risk assessment. You should report Mr X’s request to your supervisor / manager. You should always record any changes in Mr X’s wishes and in the way you perform tasks. Every effort should be made to support Mr X to be moved in the way he wants to be moved. He has the right to make this choice but an appropriately trained person will need to review the risk assessment first and work out if it is safe for all involved for Mr X to be moved in the way he wishes. You might not approve of or like the choice he has made. You might need more moving and handling training, perhaps for a specialist piece of equipment. However, the choice is not yours and you are not allowed to influence Mr X. In supporting Mr X to make his decision, you need to listen to him and put his wishes and best interests first. He is the customer and you are providing a service. This means the service must be provided in the way Mr X would like, as long as it is safe and approved through care and support plans and risk assessments. This is because the choices belong to Mr X, not to you. He needs to make his own decisions in order to feel he is in control of what happens to him. This leads to positive feelings around dignity, pride and satisfaction. When an individual has made a decision which you feel is risky, you need to make the individual aware of any consequences involved in the decision; however you should not try to influence the individual with your views and opinions. It is the individual’s freedom of choice to make decisions about their own future and support. Providing they have the right information (including the advantages and disadvantages) to make an informed choice and have the capacity to understand their choice; it is part of your duty of care to enable them to do so. If a relative or friend has made a decision about an  individual’s care, support or life that the individual is not happy or comfortable with, you may need to support the individual to question or challenge the decision. It is important that you obtain and understand the facts and reasons surrounding the decision so you can make sure the individual has a clear understanding. If the individual remains sure that he / she is not happy with the decision, once he / she has this information, you can work with the individual to support them to challenge the decision. Any changes that are made as a result of this challenge must be safe for you, the individual and anyone else involved. You should never make changes unless you are trained to do so or your supervisor or manager confirms you can make the change. You should always record any changes in individual’s wishes and in the way you perform tasks. Promoting spiritual and emotional well-being Spiritual well-being is an integral part of mental, emotional and physical health. It can be associated with a specific religion but does not have to be. It is about an individual’s own journey to discover things of importance in their lives and enabling them to find purpose and meaning in life. The effects and impact of spiritual well-being is determined by each individual and can make a huge impact in their lives. Through spiritual well-being, individuals can become empowered and realize that even though they have issues, stressors, and challenges, they are not defined by their circumstances. A few of the numerous benefits of spiritual well-being include: †¢Feeling content with your life’s situation †¢Making time to spend alone and find inner peace †¢Taking time to reflect and resolve life’s issues †¢Finding satisfaction in a job well done †¢Taking part in an active lifestyle rather than merely standing by and watching life as it passes †¢Maintaining balance and control of life †¢Building relationships †¢Feeling purpose and meaning in life †¢Accepting and growing from the challenges of life Emotional well-being is based on how individuals feel about themselves. Someone who is emotionally healthy: †¢Understands and adapts to change †¢Copes with stress †¢Has a positive outlook on life and themselves †¢Has the ability to love and care for others †¢Can act independently to meet his or her own needs Everyone, including people who are emotionally healthy, have problems. If something or someone threatens our happiness or wellbeing, we would feel uncomfortable emotions such as anger, sadness or fear. When we experience something that enhances our situation, we feel emotions such as joy, satisfaction or a sense of achievement. The way we’re brought up and our culture have a great influence on how we feel. They help us to form ideas and decide what we care about. Everyone deals with situations in life differently. Sometimes an individual’s self-esteem can become so low that everything seems a lot harder to cope with compared with when they are feeling confident. Being emotionally healthy doesn’t mean that you feel happy all the time. That is impossible. Good emotional health is about having lots of different emotions, and being able to accept them and talk about them. Signs that individuals are not coping well emotionally might include having a lack of self-confidence, having trouble with relationships or feeling unhappy a lot of the time. Because we are all so different and diverse, we have different and diverse views about every subject. You may not approve of or agree with the views of the individuals you support but your role is about working with them in ways that support their views. The best way to find out about an individual is to ask questions that are not threatening but show you have a genuine interest in the individual. By encouraging them to talk about themselves and listening to their views, you will learn a great deal about the individuals you work with. Through this learning, you will be able to meet their needs in ways that are sensitive and supportive of their views making individuals feel valu ed. †¢Appreciated, cared about and loved †¢Safe and secure †¢Extra supported when they feel sad, depressed or lonely †¢That they are not a burden but an important priority †¢Listened to and respected †¢Satisfied with relationships †¢Independent and in control of their lives †¢That they have a purpose and meaning to their lives You will need good communication skills and be able to listen but also to encourage individuals and show understanding and support for what is important to them in life. Each individual’s spirituality is greatly impacted by the community they are a part of and the relationships they take part in. Individuals may be able to find spiritual well-being programs in their local area. By promoting an individual’s spiritual and emotional wellbeing, you can help improve their self -esteem and make them feel valued and remain their own person. Focussing on what they can do rather than on what they can’t do, will encourage their independence and feeling of self -worth. It is also important to help individuals to deal with stress. Changes in situations and in their ability to do things can cause stress. However, by providing encouragement and positive support you can improve their inner self and quality of life.